Showing posts with label K.Puvanes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label K.Puvanes. Show all posts

Monday, 4 December 2017

Good day all, welcome yet again to my class blog and I couldn't be more gratitude for your support. Before going further into today's leadership insight, it made me realise upon writing this blog of "How could I miss out on Swami Vivekananda when talking about leadership?"



Swami Vivekananda born in 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (Bengali: [nɔrend̪ronat̪ʰ d̪ɔt̪o]), was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna.  He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century. He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India. Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission. He is perhaps best known for his speech which began, "Sisters and brothers of America ...," in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.



Leadership has been defined in many ways. It is possibly one of the most researched subjects in the world today. It has been estimated that around 25,000 books are published on this subject in the United States alone. Though so much has been said and written, it is still difficult to describe ‘Leadership’ even today. Vivekananda has been called a monk, a prophet, a social reformer, a nationalist, a philosopher, a yogi, a prolific writer, and an orator par excellence, an educationist and so on. There has been very little analysis or research done on Vivekananda as a Leader.


 Swami Vivekananda was an exceptional leader whose qualities are only now beginning to be gradually understood. Many of the qualities he manifested is now being described and taught by leadership experts in business schools today. Though there are many definitions of leadership, most people agree that developing and living an enabling and empowering vision is the very essence of effective leadership. Vision statements are the inspiring words chosen by successful leaders to clearly and concisely convey the direction of the organization. By crafting a clear vision statement, one can powerfully communicate one’s intentions and motivate the team or organization to realize an attractive and inspiring common vision of the future. One can only think strategically and outline a vision after having a complete understanding of the existing reality. Max de Pree, businessman and leadership expert states unequivocally that the first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. Adi Shankara in his Viveka Chudamani observes that the highest form of discrimination is to be able to distinguish the real from the unreal. While Max de Pree wrote in the context of the reality of the external world, Shankara focused on the more subtle and absolute notion of reality. 



 Vivekananda was one of those rare persons who could straddle both worlds and created a remarkable vision which not only unified the external with the internal, but also reconciled it and gave a sense of purpose to people struggling to discover their true inner nature. He at once created a vision which kept in mind the harsh reality that India was in and gave the young of the country a sense of purpose in working towards the upliftment of the masses. And through this work, he wanted them to discover their true inner selves. An understanding of this reality and his vision based on this reality can be seen from the letter he wrote to the Maharaja of Mysore in June 1894. He said, “The one thing that is at the root of all evils in India is the condition of the poor…The only service to be done for our lower classes is to give them education, to develop their lost individuality. That is the great task between our people and princes. Up to now nothing has been done in that direction. Priest-power and foreign conquest have trodden them down for centuries, and at last the poor of India have forgotten that they are human beings.”


In another place he writes, “And, oh, how my heart ached to think of what we think of the poor, the low, in India. They have no chance, no escape, and no way to climb up. The poor, the low, the sinner in India, have no friends, no help – they cannot rise, try however they may. They sink lower and lower every day, they feel the blows showered upon them by a cruel society, and they do not know whence the blow comes. They have forgotten they too are men. And the result is slavery.”


I guess I'll stop here as there will be no end if i keep on continues as there's so much of his leadership qualities of which example can be taken by aspiring leaders nowadays. Hope you guys enjoyed reading on it and once again, thanks for supporting my class blog.
Good day all, welcome yet again to my class blog and I couldn't be more gratitude for your support. Before going further into today's leadership insight, it made me realise upon writing this blog of "How could I miss out on Jack Ma when talking about leadership?"


Ma Yun born September 10, 1964),known professionally as Jack Ma, is a Chinese business magnate, philanthropist, internet and technology entrepreneur, who is the founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group, a conglomerate of Internet-based businesses.

He is one of China's richest men, as well as one of the wealthiest people in Asia, with a net worth of US$47.8 billion, as of November 2017. He has become a global icon in business and entrepreneurship, one of the world's most influential businessmen, a philanthropist known for expounding his philosophy of business, and a leading innovation visionary. He was ranked 2nd in Fortune's 2017 "World's 50 Greatest Leaders" list.

Ma is one of the world's most powerful people, and has been a global inspires and role model to many. He has given numerous lectures, enlightenment and advice throughout his life career.



 Jack Ma's leadership style with 7 keys to success in Alibaba.

1. Values ​​and his attitude

When talking about Jack Ma, the biggest mistake he ever made. He explained that at the beginning founded Alibaba. He told his team all that. The ultimate success of every manager who is chief executive officer should be hired in from outside. Jack Ma had to learn important lessons. And now, he stressed the importance of team work in the attitude and passion of the people rather than theoretical business skills.


2. His commitment to the team every single goal.

Jack Ma understands that no matter how hard you try e. You cannot convince everyone. Business partners and major investors. To trust you or believe in what you say it. Acceptance and change how your approach is key to the success of his greatness. Instead of including all of the targets under the vision of one person. He collects the entire common goal that everyone has in common. The vision is more important than leadership skills.



3. He had the foresight

Jack Ma believes that good leadership is foresight. He tried to walk ahead of the competition is always one step. Forecasts and decide ahead of time. He takes time to develop the creative side always. When combined with the decision by instinct.  


4. He chose to hire someone with excellent skills only.

When asked for his identification out of the general staff, Jack Ma, said: "Your employees should have the technical skills that are better than you. If he is not, it means you're hiring the wrong people. "Focus on the skills of employees. And to employ people who can perform any thing according to your vision. Is the cornerstone of the company's big everywhere?



5. He was the most stubborn.

In addition to the foresight Jack Ma said that a good leader should be extremely stubborn. It will be a great and clear vision. You had to know exactly what he wants to get it. The driving force and overcome. Go ahead Not only to make him stay on the path of success. But there is a point to inspire the people around. They work hard for a common goal. Pride in their work and to answer without saying that this is not important and does not have a key philosophy in the business of Jack Ma.

6. He coined the term "failure" means "I give up".

Jack Ma said, "to give the greatest failures" If you go out into the world. You try to end your life But still did not get what they want. You just see right through to the end you want. It is just that you have already achieved. Like all great leaders. Jack Ma has always regarded every person to learn as much as possible. It is to learn from the obstacles and difficulties. The key to success is another. And willingness to learn from mistakes.

                             



7. His love of life


"I always told myself that we were not going to keep working. I was born to be happy with life. We are here to make things better for others. Which is not to keep working If you spend your whole life with work. One day you'll be sorry "this conviction dwells in the life of Jack Ma. Life is out of touch with the world and helps others if money is your only goal. It is time for you to re-engineer this idea out.



I guess I'll stop here as there will be no end if i keep on continues as there's so much of his leadership qualities of which example can be taken by aspiring leaders nowadays. Hope you guys enjoyed reading on it and once again, thanks for supporting my class blog.



 
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.


Trump was born in the New York City borough of Queens. He earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. A third-generation businessman, Trump followed in the footsteps of his grandmother Elizabeth and father Fred in running the family real estate company (now The Trump Organisation). He controlled it from 1971 until his inauguration as president in January 2017, when he delegated company management to his sons Donald Jr. and Eric. Trump's business career primarily focused on building or renovating office towers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. 

Trump has also started multiple side ventures and branded various products with his name. He has written or co-authored several books, including The Art of the Deal, and he produced and hosted the television show The Apprentice for 12 years. As of 2017, he was the 544th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $3.5 billion.


4 Things Donald Trump Can Teach Us About Leadership

Decision Making – As it relates to his business dealings, Donald Trump appears to have made some good decisions. On the surface, it seems as though he is a bit of a loose cannon, and probably takes great risks. However when you listen to him speak (if you believe him) he is actually very conservative with his business decisions. He tends to buy properties that have less of an upside if they also are a safer choice (i.e., less downside). Taking risks is part of business, but making sure the risks are calculated and you know the upsides and downsides is key.   

Donald Trump Quote – “Sometimes your best investments are the ones you don't make.”




Goal Setting – This has been documented to death and for good reason. People who are driven to set goals for themselves and many times they set BIG goals and have high expectations for their own performance (and for those around them). Even when they don’t meet their goals they outperform their counterparts who haven’t set any goals. Donald Trump is no different in this regard.  He has high expectations for he and those around him and that is, at least partially, why he has been able to accomplish so much in his lifetime. Having a clear vision is essential if you want to accomplish big things.



Confidence – You might argue that Donald Trump is arrogant and could, perhaps, even be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. Regardless of your viewpoint though it takes a confident person to be able to lead others effectively. Can you remember the last time you were influenced by someone who lacked confidence? It is a critical part of business, particularly when you are regularly involved in complex negotiations.


Labor of Love – Individuals who have likes and dislikes that are in alignment with their job duties have a higher level of something called “motivational fit”. It makes sense that those who have alignment in this area have higher levels of job satisfaction. Donald Trump is no different.  His personality and interests are a perfect match for his various business ventures. He is passionate about what he does and he motivates others around him with that passion.

Trump Quote – “If you're interested in 'balancing' work and pleasure, stop trying to balance them. Instead, make your work more pleasurable.”




I guess I'll stop here as there will be no end if i keep on continues as there's so much of his leadership qualities of which example can be taken by aspiring leaders nowadays. Hope you guys enjoyed reading on it and once again, thanks for supporting my class blog.
                                                                  

                                                                  SERGIO RAMOS





Sergio Ramos born 30 March 1986 is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for and captains both Real Madrid and the Spain national team. Primarily a central defender, he can also play as a right back. After emerging through Sevilla's youth academy, Ramos moved to Madrid in the summer of 2005. Since then, he has gone on to become a mainstay for Real Madrid where he has won 17 major honors and developed into one of La Liga's top scorers from a defensive position. Ramos' 17 major honors include: four La Liga titles and three UEFA Champions League titles. He played a crucial part in the build up to all three UEFA Champions League titles, being named to the UEFA Squad of the Season all three times. He also notably scored the tying goal in the 93rd minute of the 2013–14 final.




Great captains are certainly a dying breed in football, gone are the days of Tony Adams, Carles Puyol and Roy Keane when they would urge their teams to victory from the jaws of defeat. Captains are the manager’s reflection on the pitch and a good captain goes a long way in making sure that the team performs to their potential.

Sergio Ramos is definitely one of the few natural leaders in football right now. The Spain and Real Madrid captain is one of the most decorated footballers in the planet winning every trophy on offer at the domestic and international stage for club and country.

There is no denying the fact that Sergio Ramos is a great example for youngsters in the Real Madrid and Spain dressing room. “Our captain is Sergio, he’s won a lot of things in the game and has had many years at the club” said Carvajal who undoubtedly was taken under his wing when he came back to Real Madrid.

More recently he was captured doing a motivation team talk ahead of training (before the game versus Napoli), as the players attentively gathered around their leader. When Karim Benzema and Isco weren’t getting game time earlier in the season due to their attitude in training, he pulled aside the duo and told them to sort out their weight issues. 


Footballers, especially defenders and captains nowadays receive a lot of criticism due to their style of leadership. Someone like a Koscielny is criticized for being quiet on the pitch although he might be a good leader. Sergio Ramos though, he is old fashioned, he is vocal on the pitch.

He shouts when he wants the ball, he points his arms and organizes his defence for every corner, and sometimes (okay maybe more than just sometimes) he does it to get under his opponents skin. That is like Pink Floyd among all the Electronic dance music.


 It is quite amazing given the size of Real Madrid how Sergio Ramos has been the only constant in the back three of the goalkeeper and two central defenders. Pepe isn’t the defender he once was, he has the tendency to get injured far too often.

Rafael Varane also has been injured way too often in the last two seasons, which has hindered his progress. Nacho the other option for the position has done relatively well but doesn’t possess the quality to be the first choice for the position.

Hence, Sergio has had to take on the mantle, and with an ever-changing center back partner. Add to that a goalkeeper (Keylor Navas) behind him who is error prone and low on confidence, he has singlehandedly led the defense.

This season itself he has made on an average 3.4 clearances per game. His distribution from the back is also impeccable and adds to that his goal scoring accolades (we will come to that later), he has raised his game considerably since he has become the captain of the Madrid giants.




 I guess i'll stop here as there will be no end if i keep on continue as there's so much of his leadership qualities of which example can be taken by aspiring leaders nowadays. hope you guys enjoyed reading on it and once again, thanks for your supporting.
 
                                               

                                               ALAM ROTARACT CLUB LEADER


Good day all, welcome yet again to my class blog and i couldn't be more gratitude for your support.
Last semester Sharvin Nair A/L Madavan was appointed as a ALAM rotaract club president. He from batch DNS 18 Alpha. He from Klang, Selangor. He is third out of his three siblings. This is not the first time Sharvin took part in rotaract club, besides he got more experience when he was in secondary school.

As a club secretary, i noticed and learned so many leadership skills from him as well. He plays the principal leader of the club and has overall responsibility for the club’s administration.



The first major role of the president is leading the annual planning of the club (consistent with the views of members), help the committee priorities its goals and then try to keep the committee on track by working within that overall plan. Club and committee members should have a sense of what they are trying to achieve and a plan developed for this purpose is essential.  The president leads this process.



The second major role of him is to facilitate effective management of club/committee meetings. 
As a president he has the responsibility to determine what decision-making process should be used. Keep these simple and easy to understand is ideal, however they must align with the club’s rules. Because of the nature of the position, there is often the need for the chairperson to make informed decisions. The most difficult part of making a decision is the possibility of making the wrong one. To avoid making a wrong decision or not making one at all, he always concern to the following:

-Be decisive
-Listen to all involved
-Explore all alternatives and encourage input from all committee members
-Do not become emotive and/or use emotive or inflammatory language when dealing with issues
-Decide on small matters promptly
-Make decisions with firmness
-Act upon the chosen decision




So, as a club secretary i got learned talk less, listen more. People will pay attention to what you say, just because of your position. The leader’s job is to pay attention to what other people say, especially those who think their views don’t count. Show you’re listening by acting on what people tell you, and gain their trust by giving them the credit.

Don’t step in with solutions too quickly. No-one learns anything new if you keep doing what you already know how to do, and don’t allow others to try. Anyway, they may find a different, or better way, and if not… mistakes are valuable too


I guess I'll stop here as there will be no end if i keep on continue as there's so much of his leadership qualities of which example can be taken by aspiring leaders nowadays. Hope you guys enjoyed reading on it and once again, thanks for supporting my class blog.

Monday, 22 May 2017

ONCE UPON A TIME



              Past three years back, me and my friends went picnic at Ulu Bendol Waterfall. it was located  at near Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. At that time it was a public holiday regarding to the labor day.We gathered at one of my friend's house which away from the waterfall is about 50 KM. Eight of us went there by motorbike.The journey there took an hour to reach. It was my 5th trip together with my schoolmate friends.

     My mother cooked and gave fried rice for us on that day. My friends also brought some foods and drinks from their house. we start to move from my friend's house around 8 o'clock and reached there around 9 o'clock.

       Once we reached there, we quickly arranged and set up a nice place around the waterfall to put the things and our belongings. after that, we change our clothes and ready to dive into the water.


        Everyone was so excited with this trip. The beautiful scenery impressed me. The chirping of birds and the sound of the waterfall made me feel at peace. Ulu Bendol Waterfall was
famous for its beautiful recreation park among tourists.


         We do many things there. We hiked the hills, swam at the waterfalls and many more. As we swam at the waterfall, suddenly the rain started pouring. We ran to find a safe shelter. It, s was funny and fun to see my friend enjoying the rain.






         After a few minutes, the rain stopped pouring. We had a small barbecue near the waterfalls. We rested for a while after eating. Before we went home, we hiked up the hills. We found many unique flora like a wild orchid. We went home in the evening. We felt really happy and a bit sad also to  leaving the Ulu Bendol Waterfall. While in journey to back home, we all agreed to come again there. Although it was tiring, it was a precious and fun trip.


5 OCEANS OF THE WORLD

1) The Pacific is the largest of these oceans, covering 63,784,077 sq miles (165,200,000 km²). It fills the area between the western coastline of the Americas, the eastern coastlines of Asia and Africa, and is capped to the North and South by the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In part because of the numerous tropical islands of East Asia, the Pacific boasts the longest total shoreline, some 84,300 miles (135,663 km). It also holds the deepest point on the earth’s sea floor, the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench, near the island of Guam. At close to 11,000 meters below sea level, or almost 7 miles, this crevice was first sounded in 1875 by the HMS Challenger. It would be thought that life forms could not exist at that depth and extreme water pressure. But beginning with radiolarians dredged by the Challenger, hundreds of different species have been found in the Challenger Deep, including shrimp, flatworms, and single-celled protests thought to be very similar to Earth’s earliest life forms. The Pacific was named by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who set sail from Spain in 1519 to find a westerly route to the Spice Islands around the southernmost tip of South America. Rounding the Horn for the first time in November 1520, Magellan passed through the Straits now named for him into a vast sea so calm he described it as a “beautiful, peaceful ocean.”


2) The next largest ocean is the Atlantic, with an area of 41,081,270 sq miles (106,400,000 km²). It is bounded by the Americas to its west, and by the western shores of Europe and Africa to its east. It includes the Mediterranean, Caribbean and Baltic Seas, and the Gulf of Mexico. Like the Pacific Ocean, it reaches to the Arctic and Antarctica. In European History, the Indian and eastern Atlantic Oceans were the most completely charted of the world’s seas until the 15th Century; indeed this area was considered the sum total of the known world. With the escalation of the Spice Trade, desire for a Western route to the East Indies led to the eventual navigation of the globe as we now know it. The warm, stormy waters of the North Atlantic once supported great populations of cod and sperm whale. Cod has been an important human food source for hundreds of years, notably during the founding of America’s colonies, when North American settlements relied heavily upon cod’s easily preserved high-quality flesh. The sperm whale, at over 20 meters in length, is the largest living toothed animal. It has huge stores of bodily oil, used to light the lamps of Europe and North America, made this whale greatly sought-after in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries, nearly leading to its extinction. While high-quality whale oil continued to be used in many industries well into the 20th Century, the development of kerosene meant the end to large-scale sperm whale hunting. Learn more about the Atlantic Ocean.

3) The Indian Ocean covers a 28,400,130 sq mile (73,556,000 km²) area between the eastern coast of Africa, the shores of the Middle East and India to its north, and is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by Southeast Asia and Australia/Oceania. Home to a great variety of humankind throughout history, the Indian Ocean is also rich in exotic plant and animal species, and still supplies the world with spices such as black pepper, nutmeg, and ginger. While these spices are now used primarily to flavor the world’s cuisines, they were used from earliest times to preserve foods, and were thought to have great medicinal properties. Indeed, during the terrible plagues of the 13th through 17th Centuries, Europeans were so convinced of their curative powers that their countries fought repeated wars and gambled untold fortunes to gain control of the Spice Islands, and the number of explorers and sailors willing to risk their lives charting new maps to reach them is difficult to imagine.

4) At 5,400,025 sq miles (13,986,000 km²), the Arctic is the smallest and shallowest of the five Oceans, and falls mostly within the Arctic Circle. It is surrounded by the Eurasian and North American continents, and includes Hudson Bay and the North and Barents Seas. For most of the year, these seas are a mass of ice often hundreds of feet thick; even during the brief summer months ice can make the Arctic Ocean impassable, and it wasn’t known until modern times that there is little solid ground in the most northern reaches of the Earth. Nonetheless, its icy landscape has been inhabited since ancient times by the hardy ancestors of the Inuit of North America, the Sami of Scandinavia, and the Nenets of Russia. The great explorers of the 16th-19th Centuries were determined to find passage from the North Atlantic through to the rich shores of Asia in search of spices, silks and opium. The majority of these explorations ended in failure and disaster; but in the 19th and 20th Centuries accurate passage was finally charted through the mostly frozen waters of the Arctic.
 5)  Until the mid-20th Century, the waters surrounding Antarctica were generally considered to be extensions of the adjoining oceans. But in 2000, members of the International Hydrographic Organization almost unanimously agreed to identify these southernmost waters as the Southern Ocean. Although its definite boundaries are yet to be determined, below 60°S latitude is generally accepted, giving it an area of 7,848,299 sq miles (20,327,000 km²), and making it the fourth largest of the Earth’s oceans. Joining waters of the southern Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans with a persistent easterly current, the frigid Southern Ocean has a great influence on the Earth’s weather patterns.


ITS A WASTE IF U NEVER WATCH THIS CARTOON DURING YOUR CHILDHOOD

SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series' popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. As of 2015, the media franchise has generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.








Many of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in 1989.He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, and turned to Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on that series, to voice the title character. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy!, but these were both changed, as the name was already trademarked.

Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and a sequel was released on February 6, 2015. On October 15, 2016, the series began airing its current tenth season, beginning with the episode "Whirly Brains". In May 2017, the show was announced to be renewed for a 12th season.

The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, two Emmy Awards, 12 Kids' Choice Awards, and two BAFTA Children's Awards. Despite its widespread popularity, the series has been involved in several public controversies, including one centered on speculation over SpongeBob's intended sexual orientation, and another focusing on the perceived declining quality of the show's content since the release of the first film. In 2011, a newly described species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepants was named after the cartoon's title character.

Series creator Stephen Hillenburg first became fascinated with the ocean as a child. Also at a young age, he began developing his artistic abilities. However, these two interests would not coincide for a long time—the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him. During college, he majored in marine biology and minored in art. After graduating in 1984, he joined the Ocean Institute, an organization in Dana Point, California, dedicated to educating the public about marine science and maritime history.


While Hillenburg was there, he created a precursor to SpongeBob SquarePants: a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which was used by the institute to teach visiting students about the animal life of tide pools. The comic starred various anthropomorphic sea lifeforms, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob characters.Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies to which he sent it were interested.

THE SMALLEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD (VATICAN)

 Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City  is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 1000, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. However, formally it is not sovereign, with sovereignty being held by the Holy See, the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world.

 It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchicalstate (a type of theocracy) ruled by the Bishop of Rome – the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. Since the return of the Popes from Avignon in 1377, they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.




Vatican City is distinct from the Holy See  which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. The independent city-state, on the other hand, came into existence in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of central Italy. According to the terms of the treaty, the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" over the city-state.


Within Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications.

The name "Vatican" predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount. The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the Tiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV (847–55), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III (1534–49), Pius IV (1559–65) and Urban VIII (1623–44).

The Fidget Spinner 2017

A fidget spinner is a type of stress-relieving toy. A basic fidget spinner consists of a bearing in the center of a design made from any of a variety of materials including brass, stainless steel, titanium, copper and plastic. The toy has been advertised as helping people who have trouble focusing or fidgeting (such as those with ADHD, autism, or anxiety) by acting as a release mechanism for nervous energy or stress. Experts were divided on this claim, with some supporting it while others disputed its scientific basis and argued the toy may actually be more distracting.

 Although they were invented in the 1990s, fidget spinners became a popular toy in 2017. Often marketed with health benefits, the toy began being used by school children, resulting in some schools banning the spinners, arguing that the toy became a distraction in classrooms. Other schools are allowing the toy to be used discreetly by children in order to help them concentrate.



Fidget spinners are often designed with the intent to relieve stress. Basic fidget spinners consist of a two or three pronged design with a bearing in its centre circular pad. An individual holds the centre pad while the toy spins. Designs are made from various materials including brass, stainless steel, titanium, copper, aluminium, and 3D printed plastic. The types of of bearings generally used are ceramic, metal (stainless steel or chrome), and hybrid designs. Additionally, bearings can be different to adjust for the design's spin time, vibration, and noise, leading to unique sensory feedback.

When fidget spinners rose in popularity in 2017, many publications discussed their claimed benefits for individuals with ADHD, autism, or anxiety. As Money detailed, fidget spinners were "created and marketed as a calming tool used to stay focused.Some fidget spinners sold on Amazon were advertised as "stress relievers." Hettinger accounted her knowledge of "a special needs teacher who used it with autistic kids, and it really helped to calm them down." James Plafke of Forbes explained, "ultimately, though, there isn't enough research regarding whether or not these spinners can actually help people from a mental health standpoint." Experts themselves were polarized on this claim, as some supported the notion of its benefit for those with ADHD and autism, while others argued the spinners could actually be more distracting than helpful with focusing.